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Lost pages with ‘ghost’ text recovered from one of the world’s most important New Testament manuscripts
Researchers recently recovered 42 lost pages from Codex H, one of the world’s most important early New Testament manuscripts.
Codex H, short for Codex Hierosolymitanus, is a palimpsest — meaning parts of the manuscript were reused and rewritten over the centuries.
Researchers were tipped off after discovering the manuscript had been re-inked, leaving faint mirror-image traces of the original text.
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Then they used modern technology, including multispectral imaging, to recover “ghost” text that isn’t visible to the human eye.
The discovery was announced by the University of Glasgow in an April 24 press release.
“The fragments show how 6th-century scribes corrected, annotated and interacted with sacred texts,” the university noted in its release, with the physical state of the manuscript revealing “how sacred works were reused and repurposed once they fell into disrepair.”
The text, which does not contain any new scripture, dates back to the sixth century and is a copy of the Letters of St. Paul.
It was disassembled in the 13th century at the Megisti Lavra monastery on Mount Athos, Greece.
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Since then, its pages have been scattered across libraries in Europe, with only fragments of the original manuscript surviving, including some held by the University of Glasgow.
It was within these fragments that a team of researchers identified the lost pages, including ancient chapter lists, which “differ drastically from how we divide these letters today,” the university said.
Codex H’s significance stems in part from its rarity, said Garrick Allen, a University of Glasgow professor who led the project.
“It’s an important witness to the text of Paul’s Letters in a period where we don’t have that many manuscripts,” the professor told Fox News Digital, referring to the sixth to ninth centuries.
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The practice of marking up biblical texts dates back centuries, much as readers still do today — and Codex H preserves over 1,000 years of annotations.
“Manuscripts of the New Testament and other literature were often annotated and marked up by scribes and readers,” Allen noted.
Codex H, for example, includes “over 70 corrections to the text itself by a scribe who compared its text against another manuscript,” the professor said.
The manuscript also contains “many annotations by at least 15 later readers who left their marks through prayers, poems, grammatical notes and other information.”
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“These types of notes are not unusual but, because Codex H had such a long life in many forms, its pages attracted many interested readers — and these annotations are often the only tangible evidence left that these anonymous people existed,” said Allen.
As for why the manuscript was disassembled, Allen suggested it likely “reached the end of its working life.”
“Six hundred to 700 years is a long time for a book to be kept in working order, even though we know that at least one person attempted to conserve it during this period through re-copying,” he said.
“In a remote location like Mount Athos in a period where parchment was very expensive to produce, it makes sense that the monastery reused this manuscript to keep up other books in their library.”
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Ironically, breaking the manuscript apart helped preserve it, Allen noted — its pages were reused inside other books and eventually spread across European collections.
“The book was re-inked in its entirety at some point in its working life, meaning that someone rewrote over the existing text … in an attempt to keep the book usable for a new generation,” said Allen.
“Eventually, the book was disbound and reused as binding material and flyleaves when librarians at the Megisti Lavra monastery on Mount Athos repaired other books in their collection. It’s this repurposing of this ancient book that led to its continued existence.”
The most surprising part of the discovery, Allen said, was the sense of awe in reading biblical texts that “no longer exist.”
“We have recovered [these pages] only due to the unintended results of a medieval conservationist,” the expert said.
“This process makes me optimistic that many ancient manuscripts still have much more to tell us about the people who made and used them.”
That progress is being driven in part by advances in imaging technology, Allen added.
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“Although each manuscript is by definition unique and presents its own challenges, we think that we’ve developed a model for working with challenging manuscripts like palimpsests at a larger scale,” he said.
“When manuscript and biblical scholars work closely with imaging specialists, data scientists, monastic communities, museums, and other local partners, we can really make progress in our understanding of these important documents.”
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JUST IN: Horrific Terror Plot Targeted At Trump THWARTED
A Texas man is in federal custody after authorities say they disrupted an alleged plot to carry out a shooting at the Texas State Capitol—just one day before President Donald Trump was scheduled to visit the state.
Benny Caldera Jr., 40, of Converse, was initially arrested early Wednesday on a felony charge of making a terroristic threat against a public servant after investigators received what authorities described as “credible information about an individual planning a violent attack.”
According to an arrest affidavit cited by NBC 5, a friend told investigators that Caldera had threatened to shoot up the Texas Capitol and made alarming statements about people associated with the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, or AIPAC.
The friend reportedly told investigators that Caldera said people associated with the prominent pro-Israel organization needed to be exterminated.
Authorities say the alleged attack was planned for Thursday, Oct. 1—the same day Trump was scheduled to visit Texas.
The warning set off an overnight law-enforcement operation.
The Texas Department of Public Safety said it received information about the alleged plot Tuesday evening and immediately began working with the FBI and local authorities.
Investigators worked through the night.
By approximately 3 a.m. Wednesday, SWAT officers had moved in on Caldera’s Converse home and taken him into custody.
He was booked into the Bexar County Jail on the state terroristic-threat charge, with bond initially set at $75,000.
But Caldera wasn’t going home.
After reports circulated suggesting he had been released on bond, DPS publicly pushed back, saying he remained in custody.
The FBI then arrested Caldera at the jail Wednesday evening on additional federal charges connected to the alleged plot, according to DPS.
He was transferred into federal custody.
“The department said he is not out on bond,” according to the account of the case.
The specific federal charges against Caldera had not yet been publicly disclosed.
NBC 5 also reported that Bexar County court records show Caldera was previously charged with unlicensed carrying of a weapon in November 2023. The reported account did not provide the ultimate disposition of that case.
News of the alleged plot quickly reached state lawmakers.
Texas legislators were notified Wednesday about both the threat and Caldera’s arrest as authorities increased security around one of the state’s most prominent government buildings.
Despite the alleged threat, the Texas State Capitol remained open during its normal operating hours with heightened security measures in place.
Authorities stressed that they do not currently believe the public remains in danger.
DPS said there is no reason to believe an ongoing threat exists against the Capitol, lawmakers, employees or members of the public.
The investigation remains active.
The timeline, however, underscores how quickly authorities say the situation escalated: investigators received information about an alleged violent attack Tuesday evening, worked through the night and had a suspect in custody by approximately 3 a.m.
Hours later, the FBI stepped in and took Caldera into federal custody.
The alleged target was the Texas State Capitol.
And according to authorities, the planned date was Oct. 1—the same day a sitting president was scheduled to visit the state.
Border & Security
Trump Admin Caught Colluding With Iran-Backed Terrorists
A Department of Energy electrical engineer has been arrested on a stunning federal terrorism charge after investigators accused him of attempting to help the Iran-backed Houthis with technical expertise, drone components and materials associated with the production of explosives.
Ashton Hamed Ellaboudy, 51, of Richland, Washington, was arrested Thursday and charged with attempting to provide material support or resources to a designated foreign terrorist organization.
Federal prosecutors allege Ellaboudy was employed by the Department of Energy while using his specialized electrical engineering knowledge in an effort to assist the Houthis.
The allegations immediately drew a blistering response from the Justice Department.
“As alleged, a U.S. government employee traveled overseas and used his specialized expertise in an attempt to aid the Houthis, a designated Foreign Terrorist Organization backed by Iran,” said Assistant Attorney General for National Security John A. Eisenberg. “Additionally, Ellaboudy acquired materials for the construction of explosive material and drones capable of delivering these explosives. These allegations are so deeply disturbing that they almost defy imagination.”
According to the criminal complaint, the FBI’s investigation began after authorities learned Ellaboudy had allegedly purchased precursor chemicals, components and other materials commonly associated with homemade explosive devices.
Investigators also discovered purchases of components used to build drones and remotely operated aerial systems, prosecutors said.
But the allegations extend far beyond purchases made inside the United States.
Federal authorities say Ellaboudy traveled from Washington state to Oman in September 2025 before crossing into Yemen using an official passport previously issued to him while he worked for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
According to a release from the U.S. Department of Justice, a 51 year old former employee of the Department of Energy, Ashton Hamed Ellaboudy, was arrested and charged with attempting to provide material support to the Yemeni Houthis, who are a designated terrorist organization.… pic.twitter.com/lhySGgETbV
— OSINTdefender (@sentdefender) October 1, 2026
According to the FBI, Ellaboudy intended to reach Sanaa, Yemen’s Houthi-controlled capital.
He ultimately failed to make it there.
When Ellaboudy returned to the United States, prosecutors allege he told Customs and Border Protection officers that his overseas trip had been official government business.
Investigators say that story didn’t hold up.
Ellaboudy’s Department of Energy supervisor later told authorities that he had no authorized government travel to the region and had not been assigned to the missile inspection mission Ellaboudy allegedly described, according to court records.
Federal investigators further allege Ellaboudy admitted to FBI informants that he had been smuggled into and out of Yemen and hoped to establish high-level connections inside the country.
The investigation then took another turn.
Ellaboudy began communicating with an FBI confidential source who purported to be working for a Houthi “Colonel,” according to prosecutors.
Authorities allege Ellaboudy subsequently put his engineering expertise to work.
He allegedly helped test and modify solar power generators and communications equipment intended for a mobile communications center.
Prosecutors say he also supplied diagrams, technical guidance and research involving equipment that could potentially enhance Houthi communications capabilities.
Investigators have also scrutinized Ellaboudy’s previous acquisition and handling of chemicals.
The Justice Department said authorities learned that in 2024 Ellaboudy took sick leave from his government position after reporting exposure to highly concentrated nitric acid.
Nitric acid has legitimate industrial and scientific applications but can also be used in producing certain explosive materials.
Taken together, federal prosecutors allege the engineer’s activities amounted to an attempt to provide material support to the Houthis.
The Houthis, formally known as Ansar Allah, control significant portions of Yemen and have received support from Iran. The United States has designated the organization as a foreign terrorist organization.
Ellaboudy now faces up to 20 years in federal prison if convicted.
The case puts a particularly striking element at the center of the government’s allegations: prosecutors aren’t accusing an ordinary private citizen of simply attempting to make contact with a foreign terrorist organization.
They allege a U.S. government engineer attempted to use specialized technical expertise—and acquire materials involving drones and explosives—to help one.
Ellaboudy has been charged, not convicted, and is presumed innocent unless and until proven guilty in court.
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First Republican Congresswoman From Deep Blue State Dead
Former Republican Congresswoman Patricia “Pat” Saiki, a trailblazing Hawaii lawmaker who made history as the first Republican elected to represent the state in the U.S. House following statehood, has died at 96.
Saiki died of natural causes at her Honolulu home on September 30, according to her son, Stuart Saiki.
Her death closes a remarkable chapter in Hawaii politics spanning decades and encompassing service in Congress, the state legislature and the administration of President George H.W. Bush.
Born Patricia Fukuda in Hilo on May 28, 1930, Saiki graduated from Hilo High School before earning her degree from the University of Hawaii in 1952.
Politics wasn’t initially her chosen career.
Saiki began as an educator, teaching at several schools before becoming involved in organizing Hawaii’s first teachers’ union.
Her move into elected office came in 1968, when she won a seat in the Hawaii House of Representatives.
She served there for six years before winning election to the state Senate in 1974, where she remained until 1982.
Following an unsuccessful campaign for lieutenant governor, Saiki took over as chairwoman of the Hawaii Republican Party and worked to expand the party’s membership in a state that was already becoming increasingly difficult terrain for Republicans.
Then came the breakthrough that would define her political legacy.
In 1986, Saiki won election to Congress, becoming the first Republican elected to the U.S. House from Hawaii since the islands became a state in 1959.
She was also only the second woman to represent Hawaii in Congress.
Her death prompted tributes from across Hawaii’s political establishment.
Gov. Josh Green ordered American and state flags lowered to half-staff beginning Friday, October 2, through sunrise Monday, October 5.
“Pat Saiki’s six decades of public service and her pioneering example for young women and Asian Americans in Hawaiʻi and across the U.S., combine to form both a lasting, inspiring legacy and a high bar for all of us who serve the public,” Green said in a statement.
Democratic Rep. Ed Case, who represents Hawaii’s 1st Congressional District, also paid tribute to Saiki, crediting her with breaking political barriers and establishing an example for future generations of public servants.
Saiki’s impact extended far beyond her historic election.
During her two terms in Washington, she helped secure Republican support for legislation authorizing an official apology and financial compensation for Japanese Americans incarcerated by the federal government during World War II.
She also became an advocate for environmental protections in Hawaii.
In 1990, Saiki successfully urged President George H.W. Bush to halt the U.S. Navy’s use of Kahoʻolawe as a military bombing range.
Her career in Washington took another turn that same year when she left the House to challenge Democrat Daniel Akaka for a U.S. Senate seat.
Saiki lost the race, but her federal service wasn’t finished.
Bush subsequently appointed her administrator of the Small Business Administration, where she served from 1991 until 1993.
She later taught at Harvard University’s Institute of Politics before returning to Hawaii politics for another statewide campaign.
In 1994, Saiki ran unsuccessfully for governor against Democrat Ben Cayetano.
Although a Republican, Saiki maintained moderate positions on several social issues, including abortion rights, and developed a reputation for working across party lines on legislation affecting Hawaii.
Behind the political milestones was also a mother raising five children.
Her son Stuart remembered Saiki as someone who refused to allow the demands of public office to completely overtake her responsibilities at home.
Even while serving in the legislature, he recalled, she continued helping her children with homework and handling the responsibilities of raising a family.
Saiki was preceded in death by her husband, Stanley, and their eldest son, Stanley Jr.
She is survived by four children—Stuart, Sandra, Margaret and Laurie—as well as her grandchildren.
Saiki’s career ultimately stretched from Hawaii classrooms to the state legislature, from Capitol Hill to a presidential administration.
But her place in Hawaii political history was secured in 1986.
Nearly three decades after Hawaii entered the Union, Patricia Saiki accomplished something no Republican before her had managed in the new state: win election to represent Hawaii in the United States House of Representatives.
She was 96.
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